The Gothic Style of Twodimensional Art Found Magnificent Expression in What Form

Practice of applying pigment, pigment, color or other medium to a surface

An artistic depiction of a group of rhinos was made in the Chauvet Cave 30,000 to 32,000 years ago.

Painting is the practice of applying pigment, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (chosen the "matrix" or "support").^[one] The medium is commonly practical to the base of operations with a brush, merely other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can exist used.

In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the activeness (the last work is called "a painting"). The back up for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, newspaper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, pottery, leaf, copper and concrete, and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials, including sand, dirt, newspaper, plaster, gold leafage, and even whole objects.

Painting is an important form in the visual arts, bringing in elements such equally drawing, composition, gesture (equally in gestural painting), narration (as in narrative fine art), and brainchild (as in abstract fine art).^[2] Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in withal life and landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (every bit in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism) or political in nature (as in Artivism).

A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by religious art. Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery, to Biblical scenes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, to scenes from the life of Buddha (or other images of Eastern religious origin).

History [edit]

The oldest known figurative painting is a depiction of a bull that was discovered in the Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave in Indonesia. It was painted xl,000 - 52,000 years agone or earlier.

The oldest known paintings are approximately 40,000 years old, constitute in both the Franco-Cantabrian region in western Europe, and in the caves in the commune of Maros (Sulawesi, Indonesia). In Nov 2018, however, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old equally 52,000) years old, of an unknown creature, in the cavern of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Kalimantan (Kalimantan).^{[3] [iv]} In December 2019, figurative cavern paintings depicting hog hunting in the Maros-Pangkep karst in Sulawesi were estimated to be even older, at at to the lowest degree 43,900 years sometime. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world".^{[5] [6]} More recently, in 2021, cavern fine art of a pig found in an Indonesian island, and dated to over 45,500 years, has been reported.^{[7] [8]} However, the earliest evidence of the human activity of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of cloth at these sites, there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years former. Archaeologists have too found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley region of Due north-Western Commonwealth of australia, that is dated 40,000 years quondam.^[ix] There are examples of cave paintings all over the world—in Republic of indonesia, France, Spain, Portugal, Italian republic, Red china,Republic of india, Australia, Mexico,^[ten] etc. In Western cultures, oil painting and watercolor painting take rich and complex traditions in manner and field of study affair. In the E, ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and circuitous traditions.

The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the first photograph was produced in 1829, photographic processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the appreciable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—notably Impressionism, Mail-Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Dadaism—challenged the Renaissance view of the globe. Eastern and African painting, notwithstanding, continued a long history of stylization and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.^{[ citation needed ]}

Mod and Contemporary art has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of concept. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to exercise painting either as a whole or role of their piece of work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of pluralism, there is no consensus equally to a representative mode of the historic period. Artists continue to make of import works of fine art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments—their merits are left to the public and the market place to guess.

Elements of painting [edit]

Color and tone [edit]

Color, made upwardly of hue, saturation, and value, dispersed over a surface is the essence of painting, just every bit pitch and rhythm are the essence of music. Colour is highly subjective, but has observable psychological furnishings, although these can differ from i culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers, and scientists, including Goethe,^[11] Kandinsky,^[12] and Newton,^[xiii] have written their ain color theory.

Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent. The word "red", for example, can embrace a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. In that location is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as F or C♯. For a painter, color is not but divided into basic (main) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (similar red, blueish, green, brownish, etc.).

Painters deal practically with pigments,^[14] so "blue" for a painter can be any of the dejection: phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, Cobalt blue, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, ways of painting. Colors simply add together to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The illustration with music is quite clear—sound in music (like a C note) is coordinating to "low-cal" in painting, "shades" to dynamics, and "coloration" is to painting as the specific timbre of musical instruments is to music. These elements do not necessarily class a melody (in music) of themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to information technology.

Non-traditional elements [edit]

Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, every bit one example, collage, which began with Cubism and is not painting in the strict sense. Some mod painters comprise unlike materials such as metal, plastic, sand, cement, harbinger, leaves or woods for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer. At that place is a growing customs of artists who use computers to "pigment" color onto a digital "canvas" using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images tin be printed onto traditional canvas if required.

Rhythm [edit]

Jean Metzinger's mosaic-like Divisionist technique had its parallel in literature; a feature of the alliance between Symbolist writers and Neo-Impressionist artists:

I ask of divided brushwork non the objective rendering of lite, but iridescences and certain aspects of colour nevertheless foreign to painting. I make a kind of chromatic versification and for syllables, I utilize strokes which, variable in quantity, cannot differ in dimension without modifying the rhythm of a pictorial phraseology destined to interpret the various emotions aroused past nature. (Jean Metzinger, circa 1907)^[15]

Rhythm, for artists such equally Piet Mondrian,^{[16] [17]} is important in painting equally it is in music. If one defines rhythm every bit "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there tin exist rhythm in paintings. These pauses permit creative force to arbitrate and add new creations—class, tune, coloration. The distribution of form or whatsoever kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of fine art, and it straight affects the artful value of that work. This is because the aesthetic value is functionality dependent, i.east. the liberty (of movement) of perception is perceived as dazzler. Gratis catamenia of energy, in art equally well as in other forms of "techne", directly contributes to the aesthetic value.^[16]

Music was important to the birth of abstract fine art since music is abstract past nature—it does non endeavour to correspond the exterior world, but expresses in an immediate way the inner feelings of the soul. Wassily Kandinsky oftentimes used musical terms to identify his works; he called his almost spontaneous paintings "improvisations" and described more elaborate works equally "compositions". Kandinsky theorized that "music is the ultimate teacher,"^[18] and subsequently embarked upon the first 7 of his x Compositions. Hearing tones and chords as he painted, Kandinsky theorized that (for example), yellow is the colour of middle C on a flippant trumpet; black is the colour of closure, and the cease of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano. In 1871 the young Kandinsky learned to play the pianoforte and cello.^{[nineteen] [xx]} Kandinsky's stage design for a performance of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition illustrates his "synaesthetic" concept of a universal correspondence of forms, colors and musical sounds.^[21]

Music defines much of modernist abstract painting. Jackson Pollock underscores that interest with his 1950 painting Autumn Rhythm (Number 30).^[22]

Aesthetics and theory [edit]

Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of Dionysus or Priapus onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from Pompeii, 1st century

Aesthetics is the report of art and dazzler; information technology was an of import effect for 18th- and 19th-century philosophers such as Kant and Hegel. Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle also theorized almost art and painting in item. Plato disregarded painters (every bit well as sculptors) in his philosophical organisation; he maintained that painting cannot draw the truth—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a arts and crafts, similar to shoemaking or iron casting.^[23] Past the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting was in Ancient Greece. Leonardo da Vinci, on the contrary, said that "Italian: La Pittura è cosa mentale" ("English: painting is a thing of the heed").^[24] Kant distinguished between Beauty and the Sublime, in terms that conspicuously gave priority to the former.^{[ commendation needed ]} Although he did not refer to painting in item, this concept was taken up by painters such as J.1000.W. Turner and Caspar David Friedrich.

Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his artful essay, wrote that painting is 1 of the three "romantic" arts, forth with Poesy and Music, for its symbolic, highly intellectual purpose.^{[25] [26]} Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include Kandinsky and Paul Klee.^{[27] [28]} In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches chief colors to essential feelings or concepts, something that Goethe and other writers had already tried to exercise.

Iconography is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. Erwin Panofsky and other art historians first seek to empathise the things depicted, before looking at their significant for the viewer at the time, and finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.^[29]

In 1890, the Parisian painter Maurice Denis famously asserted: "Remember that a painting—before beingness a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order."^[thirty] Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as Cubism, were reflections on the means of painting rather than on the external earth—nature—which had previously been its core field of study. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his book What is Painting?, Bell discusses the evolution, through history, of the notion that paintings can express feelings and ideas.^[31] In Mirror of The World, Bell writes:

A piece of work of fine art seeks to hold your attention and keep it fixed: a history of fine art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes of the imagination.^[32]

Painting media [edit]

Different types of pigment are usually identified past the medium that the paint is suspended or embedded in, which determines the full general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity, miscibility, solubility, drying time, etc.

Hot wax or encaustic [edit]

Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is so applied to a surface—ordinarily prepared wood, though canvass and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture tin can exist made from calculation pigments to beeswax, just in that location are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of waxes, damar resin, linseed oil, or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments tin be purchased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can exist used to manipulate the wax in one case it has cooled onto the surface. Other materials can exist encased or collaged into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface.

The technique was the normal one for aboriginal Greek and Roman panel paintings, and remained in use in the Eastern Orthodox icon tradition.

Watercolor [edit]

Watercolor is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The traditional and nearly common support for watercolor paintings is paper; other supports include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum or leather, fabric, woods and canvass. In Eastern asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to every bit brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese painting information technology has been the dominant medium, oftentimes in monochrome black or browns. India, Federal democratic republic of ethiopia and other countries also have long traditions. Finger-painting with watercolor paints originated in China. There are various types of watercolors used by artists. Some examples are pan watercolors, liquid watercolors, watercolor castor pens, and watercolor pencils. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble colour pencils) may be used either wet or dry out.

Gouache [edit]

Gouache is a h2o-based pigment consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from watercolor in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such every bit chalk is also present. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Similar all watermedia, information technology is diluted with h2o.^[33]

Ink [edit]

Sesshū Tōyō, Landscapes of the Iv Seasons (1486), ink and light color on newspaper

Ink paintings are washed with a liquid that contains pigments or dyes and is used to colour a surface to produce an image, text, or pattern. Ink is used for drawing with a pen, brush, or quill. Ink tin can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink'south carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its advent when dry out.

Enamel [edit]

Enamels are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered glass; minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Unlike near painted techniques, the surface can be handled and wetted Enamels take traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects,^[34] merely have also been used for other purposes. Limoges enamel was the leading centre of Renaissance enamel painting, with pocket-sized religious and mythological scenes in busy surrounds, on plaques or objects such as salts or caskets. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for portrait miniatures.^[35] In the late 20th century, the technique of porcelain enamel on metallic has been used as a durable medium for outdoor murals.^[36]

Tempera [edit]

Tempera, also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble folder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the start centuries CE still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting. A paint unremarkably called tempera (though it is not) consisting of paint and glue size is normally used and referred to by some manufacturers in America equally poster paint.

Fresco [edit]

Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The give-and-take fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [afˈfresːko], which derives from the Latin give-and-take for fresh. Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. Buon fresco technique consists of painting in paint mixed with h2o on a thin layer of wet, fresh lime mortar or plaster, for which the Italian discussion for plaster, intonaco, is used. A secco painting, in contrast, is washed on dry plaster (secco is "dry" in Italian). The pigments require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), gum or oil to attach the pigment to the wall.

Oil [edit]

Honoré Daumier, The Painter (1808–1879), oil on panel with visible brushstrokes

Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are spring with a medium of drying oil, such every bit linseed oil, which was widely used in early modernistic Europe. Oft the oil was boiled with a resin such equally pine resin or fifty-fifty frankincense; these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint somewhen became the main medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in northern Europe, and by the top of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had about completely replaced tempera paints in the bulk of Europe.

Pastel [edit]

Pastel is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered paint and a binder.^[37] The pigments used in pastels are the same equally those used to produce all colored art media, including oil paints; the binder is of a neutral hue and depression saturation. The colour upshot of pastels is closer to the natural dry out pigments than that of any other procedure.^[38] Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may as well be sprayed with a fixative. Yet, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may suffer unchanged for centuries. Pastels are non susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that event from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of the medium as information technology dries.

Acrylic [edit]

Acrylic paint is fast drying pigment containing paint break in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can exist diluted with water, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its ain unique characteristics non attainable with other media. The main practical divergence betwixt well-nigh acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time. Oils allow for more than time to alloy colors and utilize even glazes over under-paintings. This ho-hum drying attribute of oil can exist seen as an advantage for sure techniques, merely may as well impede the artist'south ability to work quickly.

Spray paint [edit]

Aerosol paint (also called spray paint) is a blazon of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a valve button. A course of spray painting, aerosol paint leaves a shine, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store. Aerosol primer can exist applied directly to bare metal and many plastics.

Speed, portability and permanence also brand aerosol paint a common graffiti medium. In the late 1970s, street graffiti writers' signatures and murals became more elaborate and a unique style developed as a gene of the aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit piece of work. Many now recognize graffiti and street art every bit a unique art grade and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are made for the graffiti artist. A stencil protects a surface, except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can exist purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally cutting logos or hand-cut by artists.

Water miscible oil paint [edit]

H2o miscible oil paints (also chosen "h2o soluble" or "h2o-mixable") is a modern diversity of oil paint engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water, rather than having to use chemicals such as turpentine. It can exist mixed and applied using the aforementioned techniques as traditional oil-based pigment, but while still moisture it tin be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with ordinary lather and h2o. Its water solubility comes from the use of an oil medium in which 1 end of the molecule has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a solution.

Digital painting [edit]

Digital painting is a method of creating an art object (painting) digitally or a technique for making digital art on the computer. Equally a method of creating an art object, information technology adapts traditional painting medium such as acrylic pigment, oils, ink, watercolor, etc. and applies the pigment to traditional carriers, such as woven canvass cloth, paper, polyester, etc. by ways of software driving industrial robotic or office mechanism (printers). As a technique, it refers to a computer graphics software programme that uses a virtual sail and virtual painting box of brushes, colors, and other supplies. The virtual box contains many instruments that do not exist outside the computer, and which give a digital artwork a dissimilar look and feel from an artwork that is made the traditional mode. Furthermore, digital painting is not 'computer-generated' art every bit the computer does non automatically create images on the screen using some mathematical calculations. On the other hand, the artist uses his own painting technique to create a detail piece of work on the calculator.^[39]

Painting styles [edit]

Style is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an individual creative person's work. Information technology can also refer to the movement or schoolhouse that an artist is associated with. This tin stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it tin be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in bookish discussions virtually gimmicky painting, though it continues to exist used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following:

Western [edit]

Modernism [edit]

Modernism describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism.^{[40] [41]} The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious religion, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized globe. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the farther tendency of abstraction).^[42]

Impressionism [edit]

The first example of modernism in painting was impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on piece of work done, not in studios, only outdoors (en plein air). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not meet objects, but instead run into light itself. The schoolhouse gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the nigh important commercial show of the fourth dimension, the authorities-sponsored Paris Salon, the Impressionists organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A pregnant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon Three to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon.

Abstruse styles [edit]

Abstract painting uses a visual language of grade, color and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the earth.^{[43] [44]} Abstract expressionism was an American post-World War Ii fine art movement that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the High german Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as Futurism, Bauhaus and Cubism, and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some experience, nihilistic.^[45]

Action painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction, is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvass, rather than being carefully applied.^[46] The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or business organization of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early on 1960s, and is closely associated with abstract expressionism (some critics have used the terms "activeness painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably).

Other modernist styles include:

• Color Field
• Lyrical Brainchild
• Hard-edge painting
• Popular fine art

Outsider art [edit]

The term outsider fine art was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut (French: [aʁ bʁyt], "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by French creative person Jean Dubuffet to depict art created outside the boundaries of official civilisation; Dubuffet focused especially on fine art by insane-asylum inmates.^[47] Outsider art has emerged every bit a successful fine art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing characterization for art created by people outside the mainstream "fine art world," regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work.

Photorealism [edit]

Photorealism is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a photo. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the Us fine art motion that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from Pop Art^{[48] [49] [50]} and as a counter to Abstract Expressionism.

Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution photograph. Hyperrealism is a fully-fledged school of art and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism past the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily practical to an independent fine art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.^[51]

Surrealism [edit]

Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early on 1920s, and is best known for the creative and literary production of those affiliated with the Surrealist Movement. Surrealist artworks characteristic the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and non-sequitur; all the same, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their piece of work as an expression of the philosophical motion first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.

Surrealism adult out of the Dada activities of Earth War I and the virtually of import center of the motility was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the motility spread around the earth, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film and music of many countries, as well as political thought and do, philosophy and social theory.

East Asian [edit]

• Chinese
  • Tang Dynasty
  • Ming Dynasty
  • Shan shui
  • Ink and wash painting
  • Hua niao
  • Southern Schoolhouse
    • Zhe Schoolhouse
    • Wu School
  • Contemporary
• Japanese
  • Yamato-due east
  • Rimpa school
  • Emakimono
  • Kanō schoolhouse
  • Shijō school
  • Superflat
• Korean

Southeast Asia [edit]

• Indonesian

Islamic [edit]

• Arabic miniature
• Mughal miniature
• Ottoman miniature
• Persian miniature

Indian [edit]

Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, fabric-based curlicue painting, based in the eastern Indian states of Odisha and Westward Bengal.^[52]The Pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord Jagannath in Odisha.^[53] The discipline matter of Pattachitra is limited to religious themes. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details too every bit mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are fabricated fully former traditional mode past Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and nearly popular fine art forms of Odisha.Patachitras are a component of an aboriginal Bengali narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the operation of a song.^{[54] [55] [56]}

Khan Bahadur Khan with Men of his Clan, c. 1815, from the Fraser Album, Company Style

Company fashion is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India past Indian artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the British East Republic of india Company or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.^[57]Three distinct styles of Visitor Painting emerged in 3 British Ability Centres- Delhi, Calcutta and Madras. The subject matter of company paintings fabricated for western patrons was oft documentary rather than imaginative, and every bit a consequence, the Indian artists were required to adopt a more naturalistic arroyo to painting than had traditionally been usual.^{[58] [59]}

The Bengal School^[sixty] was an art movement and a style of Indian painting that originated in Bengal, primarily Kolkata and Shantiniketan, and flourished throughout the Indian subcontinent, during the British Raj in the early 20th century. The Bengal school arose as an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the academic art styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as Raja Ravi Varma and in British art schools. The school wanted to establish a distinct Indian style which celebrated the indigenous cultural heritage.In an attempt to turn down colonial aesthetics, Abanindranath Tagore also turned to China and Japan with the intent of promoting a pan-Asian aesthetic and incorporated elements from Far Eastern art, such equally the Japanese wash technique.^{[61] [62] [63]}

Kangra painting is the pictorial art of Kangra, named after Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, a erstwhile princely state, which patronized the art. It became prevalent with the fading of Basohli school of painting in mid-18th century.^{[64] [65]}The focal theme of Kangra painting is Shringar (the erotic sentiment). The subjects are seen in Kangra painting exhibit the sense of taste and the traits of the lifestyle of the society of that period.^[66] The artists adopted themes from the love poetry of Jayadeva and Keshav Das who wrote ecstatically of the love of Radha and Krishna with Bhakti existence the driving force.^{[67] [68]}

19th Century Mysore Painting of Goddess Saraswathi

Madhubani Art is a style of Indian painting, expert in the Mithila region of India and Nepal. The style is characterized past complex geometrical patterns, these paintings are famous for representating ritual content used for particular occasions like festivals,religious rituals etc.^[69]

Mysore painting is an important grade of classical South Indian painting that originated in and effectually the boondocks of Mysore in Karnataka encouraged and nurtured past the Mysore rulers. Mysore paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours, and attending to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are Hindu gods and goddesses and scenes from Hindu mythology.^{[70] [71]}

Krishna and Radha, might be the work of Nihâl Chand, master of Kishangarh school of Rajput Painting

Rajasthani painting evolved and flourished in the purple courts of Rajputana^[72] in northern India, mainly during the 17th century. Artists trained in the tradition of the Mughal miniature were dispersed from the imperial Mughal courtroom, and adult styles likewise drawing from local traditions of painting, especially those illustrating the Sanskrit Epics, the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Subjects varied, but portraits of the ruling family, often engaged in hunting or their daily activities, were by and large pop, as were narrative scenes from the epics or Hindu mythology, likewise as some genre scenes of landscapes, and humans.^{[73] [74] [75]}

Mughal painting is a particular manner of South Asian, peculiarly North Indian (more specifically, modern day India and Pakistan), painting confined to miniatures either as book illustrations or as single works to exist kept in albums (muraqqa). Information technology emerged^[76] from Persian miniature painting (itself partly of Chinese origin) and developed in the court of the Mughal Empire of the 16th to 18th centuries. Mughal painting immediately took a much greater involvement in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main discipline of many miniatures for albums, and were more than realistically depicted.^{[77] [78] [79]}

Others [edit]

• Samikshavad
• Tanjore
• Warli
• Kerala landscape painting
• Deccan way

African [edit]

• Tingatinga

Contemporary art [edit]

1950s [edit] Abstract Expressionism American Figurative Expressionism Bay Surface area Figurative Movement Lyrical Abstraction New York Figurative Expressionism New York Schoolhouse

1960s [edit] Abstract expressionism American Figurative Expressionism Abstract Imagists Bay Area Figurative Motility Color field Computer art Conceptual art Fluxus Happenings Difficult-border painting Lyrical Abstraction Minimalism Neo-figurative Neo-Dada New York School Nouveau Réalisme Op Art Performance art Popular Fine art Postminimalism Washington Color School Kinetic art

1970s [edit] Arte Povera Ascii Fine art Bad Painting Body art Artist's book Feminist art Installation art Country Fine art Lowbrow (fine art movement) Photorealism Postminimalism Procedure Fine art Video art Funk art Design and Ornament

1980s [edit] Appropriation art Culture jamming Demoscene Electronic fine art Figuration Libre Graffiti Fine art Live fine art Mail art Postmodern art Neo-conceptual art Neo-expressionism Neo-pop Sound art Transgressive fine art Video installation Institutional Critique NeoGeo

1990s [edit] Bio art Cyberarts Cynical Realism Digital Art Information art Cyberspace art Massurrealism Maximalism New media art Software art New European Painting Young British Artists

2000s [edit] Digital Painting Hyperrealism Classical Realism Relational art Street art Stuckism Superflat Pseudorealism Videogame art Superstroke VJ art Virtual art

Types of painting [edit]

Allegory [edit]

Allegory is a figurative manner of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, deportment, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated every bit a effigy of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to exist expressed in linguistic communication: information technology may be addressed to the heart and is ofttimes plant in realistic painting. An example of a uncomplicated visual apologue is the image of the grim reaper. Viewers empathize that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death.

Bodegón [edit]

In Spanish art, a bodegón is a still life painting depicting pantry items, such every bit victuals, game, and beverage, ofttimes arranged on a uncomplicated stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the Baroque menstruum, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of notwithstanding life painting appears to have started and was far more than pop in the gimmicky Low Countries, today Kingdom of belgium and Netherlands (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it always was in southern Europe. Northern still lifes had many subgenres: the breakfast slice was augmented past the trompe-fifty'œil, the flower boutonniere, and the vanitas. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of affair, but a type of breakfast piece did become pop, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table.

Figure painting [edit]

A effigy painting is a work of art in any of the painting media with the principal subject beingness the human being figure, whether clothed or nude. Figure painting may likewise refer to the activity of creating such a piece of work. The homo figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the commencement Stone Age cavern paintings, and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history.^[80] Some artists well known for figure painting are Peter Paul Rubens, Edgar Degas, and Édouard Manet.

Illustration painting [edit]

Illustration paintings are those used every bit illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or picture posters and comic books. Today, at that place is a growing involvement in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and fine art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual fine art earth, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and graphic designers. Merely every bit the result of estimator game and comic industry growth, illustrations are condign valued as popular and profitable artworks that can learn a wider market place than the other 2, especially in Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and the United States.

Mural painting [edit]

Landscape painting is a term that covers the delineation of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the principal subject is a broad view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works landscape backgrounds for figures can still grade an important part of the piece of work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and weather condition is often an chemical element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct field of study are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The 2 main traditions jump from Western painting and Chinese art, going back well over a chiliad years in both cases.

Portrait painting [edit]

Portrait paintings are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to brandish the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. 1 of the best-known portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vinci'south painting titled Mona Lisa, which is thought to exist a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the married woman of Francesco del Giocondo.^[83]

Nonetheless life [edit]

A still life is a work of art depicting generally inanimate subject area matter, typically commonplace objects—which may exist either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or homo-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, so on). With origins in the Eye Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the creative person more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a limerick than practise paintings of other types of subjects such equally mural or portraiture. Still life paintings, especially before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some mod still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses establish objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and audio.

Veduta [edit]

A veduta is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a cityscape or some other vista. This genre of landscape originated in Flanders, where artists such every bit Paul Bril painted vedute every bit early as the 16th century. Equally the itinerary of the Grand Bout became somewhat standardized, vedute of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early on ventures to the Continent for aloof Englishmen. In the later on 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead past painted panoramas.

Come across too [edit]

• 20th-century Western painting
• Cobweb painting
• Drawing
• Graphic arts
• Index of painting-related articles
• List of about expensive paintings
• Outline of painting
• Painting outsourcing in Cathay
• Visual arts
• Paradigm

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "Pigment – Definition". Merriam-webster.com. 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
2. ^ Perry, Lincoln (Summer 2014). "The Music of Painting". The American Scholar. 83 (three): 85.
3. ^ Zimmer, Carl (7 November 2018). "In Cave in Kalimantan Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World - A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years former, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies". The New York Times . Retrieved viii Nov 2018.
4. ^ Aubert, G.; et al. (7 November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Kalimantan". Nature. 564 (7735): 254–257. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..254A. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. PMID 30405242. S2CID 53208538.
5. ^ Aubert, One thousand.; et al. (11 December 2019). "Primeval hunting scene in prehistoric art". Nature. 576 (7787): 442–445. Bibcode:2019Natur.576..442A. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y. PMID 31827284. S2CID 209311825.
6. ^ Ferreira, Becky (11 December 2019). "Mythical Beings May Be Earliest Imaginative Cave Art by Humans - The paintings on an Indonesian island are at least 43,900 years old and depict humanoid figures with animal-like features in a hunting scene". The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2019.
7. ^ Brumm, Adam; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Burhan, Basran; Hakim, Budianto; Lebe, Rustan; Zhao, Jian-xin; Sulistyarto, Priyatno Hadi; Ririmasse, Marlon; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Sumantri, Iwan; Aubert, Maxime (1 January 2021). "Oldest cavern art plant in Sulawesi". Science Advances. 7 (3): eabd4648. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4648B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4648. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC7806210. PMID 33523879.
8. ^ Ferreira, Becky (13 January 2021). "Squealer Painting May Exist World's Oldest Cave Art Nevertheless, Archaeologists Say - The depiction of the fauna on an Indonesian island is at least 45,500 years erstwhile, the researchers say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
9. ^ "How Old is Australia's Rock Fine art?". Aboriginalartonline.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
10. ^ "Milhares de pinturas rupestres são descobertas em cavernas no México". BBC News Brasil (in Portuguese). 23 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
11. ^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's theory of colours, John Murray, London 1840
12. ^ Wassily Kandinsky Apropos The Spiritual in Fine art, [Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, pdf Archived 10 February 2016 at the Wayback Auto.
13. ^ A letter of the alphabet to the Majestic Lodge presenting A new theory of light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 pdf Archived xx Oct 2015 at the Wayback Motorcar
14. ^ Pigments Archived 6 January 2016 at the Wayback Motorcar at ColourLex
15. ^ Jean Metzinger, circa 1907, quoted by Georges Desvallières in La Grande Revue, vol. 124, 1907
16. ^ ^{a b} Eiichi Tosaki, Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm: Phenomenology, Wittgenstein, and Eastern thought Archived 25 February 2022 at the Wayback Car, Volume 23 of Sophia Studies in Cantankerous-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures, Springer, xv Nov 2017, pp. 108–109, 130, 139, 158, ISBN 9402411984
17. ^ Piet Mondrian, Neo-Plasticism: Its Realization in Music and in Time to come Theater, 1922
18. ^ "Wassily Kandinsky – Quotes". world wide web.wassilykandinsky.net. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
19. ^ , François Le Targat, Kandinsky, Twentieth Century masters series, Random House Incorporated, 1987, p. 7, ISBN 0847808106
20. ^ Susan B. Hirschfeld, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hilla von Rebay Foundation, Watercolours by Kandinsky at the Guggenheim Museum: a pick from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Hilla von Rebay Foundation, 1991
21. ^ Fiedler, Jeannine (2013). Bauhaus. Germany: h.f.ullmann publishing GmbH. p. 262. ISBN978-3-8480-0275-vii.
22. ^ "Intersections with art and music, Rothko and Pollock". xvi April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
23. ^ "Plato's Aesthetics". www.rowan.edu. Archived from the original on 1 Oct 2017. Retrieved 1 Oct 2017.
24. ^ Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). Modern criticism. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196. ISBN 81-269-0187-X
25. ^ Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal. Routledge. 1998. p. 278. ISBN978-0-415-18709-1. Archived from the original on 22 Apr 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
26. ^ Wallace, William (1911). "Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–207, see folio 207. Painting and music are the peculiarly romantic arts. Lastly, every bit a union of painting and music comes poesy, where the sensuous element is more ever subordinate to the spirit
27. ^ Franciscono, Marcel, Paul Klee: His Work and Idea, part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee'due south theory courses', p. 246 and under 'notes to pp. 245–54' p. 365
28. ^ Barasch, Moshe (2000) Theories of art – from impressionism to Kandinsky Archived 1 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Colour' pp. 332–33
29. ^ Jones, Howard (October 2014). "The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience". Periodical for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies. 37 (4): 541–252. ^{[ page needed ]}
30. ^ Encyclopedia Encarta Archived iv July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
31. ^ "Review by art historian David Cohen". Artnet.com. Archived from the original on 26 Jan 2009. Retrieved xiii March 2014.
32. ^ Bell, Julian (2007). Mirror of the World: A New History of Fine art. Thames and Hudson. p. 496. ISBN978-0-500-23837-0.
33. ^ Cohn, Marjorie B., Wash and Gouache, Fogg Museum, 1977.
34. ^ Mayer, Ralph,The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Third Edition, New York: Viking, 1970, p. 375.
35. ^ McNally, Rika Smith, "Enamel", Oxford Art Online
36. ^ Mayer, Ralph, The Artist'southward Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Third Edition, New York: Viking, 1970, p. 371.
37. ^ Mayer, Ralph, The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, 3rd Edition, New York: Viking, 1970, p. 312.
38. ^ Mayer, Ralph. The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques. Viking Developed; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991. ISBN 0-670-83701-6
39. ^ "What is digital painting?". Turning Point Arts. i November 2008. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
40. ^ Barth, John (1979) The Literature of Replenishment, later republished in The Friday Book'(1984)'.
41. ^ Graff, Gerald (1975) Babbitt at the Completeness: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction, TriQuarterly, No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.
42. ^ Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey, and Diane Kirkpatrick. Gardner's Art Through the Ages (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991). ISBN 0-fifteen-503770-6. p. 953.
43. ^ Arnheim, Rudolph, 1969, Visual Thinking
44. ^ Cardinal, Joan (September 2009). "Future Utilise: Abstract Painting". Third Text. 23 (v): 557–63. doi:10.1080/09528820903184666. S2CID 144061791.
45. ^ Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism. The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-90 In: Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2d ed. London: Routledge
46. ^ Boddy-Evans, Marion. "Art Glossary: Action Painting". About.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
47. ^ Cardinal, Roger, Outsider Fine art, London, 1972
48. ^ Lindey, Christine Superrealist Painting and Sculpture, William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp. 27–33.
49. ^ Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, The Not-And then-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp. 14–15.
50. ^ Nochlin, Linda, The Realist Criminal and the Abstruse Constabulary Two, Art in America. 61 (November – Dec 1973), P. 98.
51. ^ Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – Ane Step Beyond. Tate Museum, Publishers, Britain. 2006. p. 1
52. ^ "Parampara Projection | Pata Chitra". www.paramparaproject.org. Archived from the original on 19 Feb 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
53. ^ "Daricha Foundation". world wide web.daricha.org. Archived from the original on 22 Nov 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
54. ^ "Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Fine art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity". The Chitrolekha Periodical on Fine art and Pattern. 2 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
55. ^ "Orissa Pattachitra –". The Hindu. fifteen June 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
56. ^ says, Conrad Comrie (26 Apr 2017). "Patachitra: Aboriginal scroll painting of Bengal". Media Bharat Group. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
57. ^ "Archived copy". world wide web.metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
58. ^ "Company Paintings - Capturing an Era". Alive History Republic of india. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
59. ^ Victoria and Albert Museum, Digital Media (16 November 2012). "Indian visitor paintings". world wide web.vam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
60. ^ "National Gallery of Modern Fine art, New Delhi". ngmaindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 22 Oct 2018. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
61. ^ "Bengal School of Art". Cocked. Archived from the original on 22 Nov 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
62. ^ "How the Bengal School of Fine art Inverse Colonial India's Art Mural". Artisera. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
63. ^ "Bengal School of Fine art". Jagranjosh.com. 18 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 Nov 2021. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
64. ^ "Kāngra painting | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
65. ^ Bradnock, Robert Westward.; Bradnock, Roma (2004). Footprint India. Footprint. p. 512. ISBN978-one-904777-00-7. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 26 Nov 2021.
66. ^ "Kangra Painting - The Delicate Art of the Himachal Pradesh". Caleidoscope | Indian Civilization, Heritage. 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on 22 Nov 2021. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
67. ^ "Kangra Paintings | Commune Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India". Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
68. ^ Sharma, Vijay (ane November 2020). "How love, war and Mughal fine art inspired Kangra painting". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
69. ^ "Madhubani (Mithila) Painting - History, Designs & Artists". www.culturalindia.internet. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
70. ^ "Mysore Paintings: Notes for UPSC Art and Culture". BYJUS. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
71. ^ "Mysore Paintings | Buy Mysore School Paintings | Shop Online at Artisera". Artisera. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
72. ^ "Rājput painting | Indian fine art | Britannica". world wide web.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
73. ^ "Rajput Paintings in Bharat | Different Rajput Schools of Art". BYJUS. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
74. ^ "Rajput Painting - Rajput Paintings, Rajput Paintings India, Rajput Painting History". www.culturalindia.cyberspace. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
75. ^ "Rajput painting". Jagranjosh.com. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
76. ^ "Mughal Painting - Evolution & History, Features & Prominent Artists". www.culturalindia.net. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
77. ^ selfstudyhistory, Writer (22 August 2016). "Mughal Painting". Self Study History. Archived from the original on 22 Nov 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
78. ^ "BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
79. ^ "Mughal painting | Britannica". world wide web.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 22 Nov 2021. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
80. ^ Droste, Flip (October 2014). "Cave Paintings of the Early on Stone Age". Semiotica. 2014 (202): 155–165. doi:10.1515/sem-2014-0035. S2CID 170631343.
81. ^ Achenbach specialized in the "sublime" fashion of landscape painting in which man is dwarfed past nature's might and fury.
82. ^ "Clearing Upward—Declension of Sicily". The Walters Fine art Museum. Archived from the original on ix May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
83. ^ "Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo". Louvre Museum. c. 1503–19. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-xiii .

Further reading [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Painting.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Painting

Wait up painting in Wiktionary, the costless dictionary.

• Daniel, H. (1971). Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting; Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc.
• W. Stanley Jr. Taft, James W. Mayer, The Science of Paintings, Beginning Edition, Springer, 2000.

ebsworthagar1968.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting

Share this post